ii
Cultural Practices........................33
Water management..............................33
Drip irrigation .......................................33
Buried drip irrigation lines................................. 35
Dryland orchards..................................35
Fertility. ................................................36
Soil fertility program.......................................... 36
Soil pH.............................................................. 37
Iron chlorosis/lime-induced chlorosis. .............. 37
Soil salinity. ...................................................... 38
Tissue analysis and plant nutritional status ..... 38
Nutritional deficiency symptoms....................... 38
Weed control........................................40
Cultivation......................................................... 40
Herbicides. ....................................................... 40
Mulching........................................................... 40
Grass, cover crops and mowing....................... 41
Pruning........................................43
Why prune fruit shrubs.........................43
Pruning basics for fruit production . ..... 43
Equipment and supplies................................... 43
General pruning practices................................ 44
Saskatoon berries in the wild. .......................... 45
Why prune Saskatoon berries..............45
Pruning objectives for commercial
Saskatoon berry production......................... 45
Effects of pruning.............................................. 46
Basic pruning cuts and techniques ..... 48
Removal cuts.................................................... 48
Heading cuts. ................................................... 49
Growth habits of Saskatoon berries..... 50
Branching habits of Saskatoon berries ............ 50
Suckering habits of Saskatoon berries ............ 51
Fruiting habits of Saskatoon berries................. 51
How much to prune and when............. 51
Dormant season............................................... 52
Bud break......................................................... 52
Non-dormant pruning. ...................................... 52
Pruning recommendations for
Saskatoon berry growth phases........ 52
Plant establishment phase: first or second
dormant season........................................... 52
Training phase: non-fruiting years.................... 53
Maintenance phase: fruiting/reproductive
years............................................................ 54
Rejuvenation phase of overgrown
hedgerows................................................... 55
Advantages of burning.........................57
Winter Hardiness and Frost
Tolerance. ...................................61
Winter hardiness..................................61
Frost tolerance and injury symptoms .. 61
Diversity ..............................................62
Pests and Diseases....................63
Pest and disease management . ......... 63
Pest management practices . .............. 63
Pest management systems..................63
Conventional pest management system ......... 63
Organic pest management and production
system ......................................................... 64
Integrated pest management system............... 64
Insect pests..........................................64
Pests that feed on buds, flowers
and fruit........................................................ 64
Apple curculio................................................... 64
Cherry shoot borer. .......................................... 66
Hawthorn lacebug. ........................................... 67
Hawthorn weevil............................................... 68
Leafrollers, numerous species. ........................ 69